In this case, it is clear that the author feels that she has been treated badly by quite a few doctors throughout her life. At first read, the locus of her concern is perhaps a bit less clear. After all, many of her concerns seem to center around uses of humor in which she was not the butt of the joke. Indeed, she was included in the inner circle, treated as a confidant, by her doctors. From the perspective of someone (...) accustomed to being in the inner circle, it may not be immediately obvious why the attempts at humor failed. After all, isn’t humor meant to be a good way to help patients relax? Isn’t it a good way to bond with patients and to make them more comfortable? As Berger (2004) notes “humor offers modes of intimate communication through which these objectives can be achieved. Physicians’ use of quiet, respectful humor may provide patients with the “social license” to enter personal or sensitive content areas” (p. 827). If humor, or joking, is an effective tool in establishing channels of communication, then how or why did it go wrong here? The answer, in brief, is that not all humor is created equal. -/- Before going any further, we should acknowledge a few things. First, in this case the only form of humor that is on offer is joking, but humor is not limited to jokes. Usually, when we refer to humor broadly, as in the quotation above, the point can be taken to apply to jokes. However, if we refer specifically to jokes or joking the point may not apply to humor more broadly. This is so even if the jokes are meant to be humorous. Care should be taken lest we generalize in haste. Second, not all jokes are humorous, nor are all jokes intended to be humorous. Finally, much of what we will consider here—the purpose of joking, the orientation of care, the consideration of content—will be generally applicable to other forms of communication and, mutadis mutandis, should not be restricted to joking and humor. (shrink)

En un contexto de transformaciones profundas en la sociedad boliviana, el autor plantea que más que una nueva teoría de la sociedad boliviana se requiere desarrollar otra mirada. En esta dirección, el presente artículo busca plantear un esquema renovado sobre las referencias desde las cuales deben encuadrar el debate los bolivianos y bolivianas. El texto aborda la construcción de matrices culturales, explicitando la moderna y la andina, y conecta matriz cultural con institucionalidad, para proponer una institucionalidad andina.

La integración de la tecnología en el ámbito del derecho penal plantea desafíos significativos debido a la falta de regulación de la inteligencia artificial (IA), lo que podría comprometer los derechos fundamentales. Este estudio se centra en abordar estos desafíos y proponer soluciones mediante un análisis exhaustivo de la situación actual y las posibles implicaciones de la IA en el sistema jurídico penal. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es analizar los problemas, desafíos y oportunidades que surgen con la implementación (...) de la inteligencia artificial en el ámbito penal. Se busca identificar la necesidad de una regulación específica para la IA en el derecho penal, con el fin de proteger los derechos fundamentales de las personas y garantizar un sistema jurídico justo y equitativo. Para abordar esta problemática, se adoptó un enfoque metodológico cualitativo. Se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica detallada para examinar los antecedentes, problemas y desafíos asociados con la IA en los sistemas jurídicos, especialmente en el ámbito penal. Además, se realizaron análisis de criterios y opiniones de expertos en derecho para obtener una comprensión más profunda de la situación y las posibles soluciones. Los resultados de este estudio revelan la necesidad urgente de establecer una normativa específica para regular la aplicación de la inteligencia artificial en el ámbito penal. Se destaca que la falta de regulación representa un riesgo significativo para los derechos fundamentales, especialmente en lo que respecta a la configuración de delitos con el apoyo de la IA. Además, se identifican diferentes dimensiones que deben abordarse en la regulación, incluyendo principios y reglas básicas del derecho, supervisión humana de los sistemas de IA y la promoción de la innovación responsable en este campo. Este artículo subraya la importancia de establecer una regulación efectiva para la inteligencia artificial en el ámbito penal. Esta regulación no solo protegerá los derechos fundamentales de las personas, sino que también promoverá un uso responsable y progresivo de la IA como una herramienta valiosa para los profesionales del derecho. Es crucial que la regulación sea integral y adaptable para garantizar un sistema jurídico justo y equitativo en la era digital. (shrink)

1. Le fe por la palabra -- 2. Topía y Utopía -- 3. Luz en la caverna.

In this work I argue that Descartes was not a trialist by showing that the main tenets of trialist interpretations of Descartes's theory of substance are either not supported by the text or are not sufficient for establishing the trialist interpretation.

El paciente en estado crítico reviste una especial importancia al desarrollar investigaciones, debido a que ha perdido o visto reducida su autonomía. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar el uso de los principios éticos de Ezequiel J. Emanuel, como guía en el desarrollo de investigaciones en pacientes críticos. Se realizó una revisión integrativa en las bases de datos WoS, PUBMED, SCOPUS y SciELO, y se encontraron 545 artículos de los cuales ocho cumplieron con los criterios previamente definidos. En estos (...) se identificó la descripción de los ocho principios de Emanuel, los cuales demostraron constituir un marco integral y sistemático de utilidad para orientar la conducta ética en la población analizada, siendo la ‘validez científica’ el principio más descrito en la investigación del paciente crítico, seguido del principio de ‘consentimiento informado’. (shrink)

RESUMEN Se analiza la relación entre las memorias inscritas en el cuerpo, el trauma y los recursos corporizados subjetivos y colectivos con los que cuentan las mujeres víctimas de violencia para reconstruir y resignificarse como personas dignas de credibilidad y agentes de cambio. Se refieren casos específicos de violencia sexual en Colombia y se expone la importancia de la creación de comunidades de confianza que propicien espaclos para la narración y escucha de los testimonlos de víctimas, la tramitación de conflictos (...) y nuevas vías de afrontamiento, a partir de los recursos que brinda la reinvención de hábitos corporizados en el arte. ABSTRACT The article analyzes the relation among memories inscribed in the body, trauma, and the subjective and collective embodied resources available to women victims of violence in order to reconstruct and resignify themselves as persons worthy of credibility and as agents of change. It discusses specific cases of sexual violence in Colombia and the importance of creating communities of trust that foster spaces for narrating and listening to the testimonies of victims, as well as for handling conflicts and exploring new ways of coping, on the basis of the resources provided by the reinvention of habits embodied in art. (shrink)

BackgroundThe effect of orgasm on the development and shaping of partner preferences may involve a catalysis of the neurochemical mechanisms of bonding. Therefore, understanding such process is relevant for neuroscience and psychology.MethodsA systematic review was carried out using the terms Orgasm, Sexual Reward, Partner Preference, Pair Bonding, Brain, Learning, Sex, Copulation.ResultsIn humans, concentrations of arousing neurotransmitters and potential bonding neurotransmitters increase during orgasm in the cerebrospinal fluid and the bloodstream. Similarly, studies in animals indicate that those neurotransmitters and others modulate (...) the appetitive and consummatory phases of sexual behavior and reward. This suggests a link between the experience of orgasm/sexual reward and the neurochemical mechanisms of pair bonding. Orgasm/reward functions as an unconditioned stimulus. Some areas in the nervous system function as UCS-dete... (shrink)

Partner preferences are expressed by many social species, including humans. They are commonly observed as selective contacts with an individual, more time spent together, and directed courtship behavior that leads to selective copulation. This review discusses the effect of conditioning on the development of heterosexual and homosexual partner preferences in rodents. Learned preferences may develop when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is associated in contingency with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that functions as a reinforcer. Consequently, an individual may display preference for (...) a partner that bears a CS. Some UCS may be more or less reinforcing, depending on when they are experienced, and may be different for males and females. For example, it could be that, only during periods of early development, that stimuli associated with nurture and juvenile play become conditioned. In adulthood, other stimuli such as sexual reward, cohabitation, mild stress, or even pharmacological manipulations may function as reinforcers to condition partner preferences. Evolutionary biologists and psychologists must take into consideration the idea that an individual’s experience with reward (i.e. sexual and pharmacological) can override presumably ‘innate’ mate choices (e.g. assortativeness and orientation) or mate strategies (e.g. monogamy or polygamy) by means of Pavlovian and operant contingencies. In fact, it is likely as innate to learn about the environment in ways that maximize reward and minimize aversive outcomes, making so-called ‘proximate’ causes (e.g. pleasure) ultimately more powerful predictors of social behavior and choice than so-called ‘ultimate’ causes (e.g. genetic or reproductive fitness). Keywords: pavlovian; operant; learning; sex; copulation (Published: 15 March 2012) Citation: Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 2012, 2 : 17340 - DOI: 10.3402/snp.v2i0.17340. (shrink)

El presente texto es una indagación del concepto de utopía propuesto por el filósofo colombiano Darío Botero Uribe, en relación con el concepto de disenso expuesto por el filósofo francés Jacques Ranciére. El pensamiento político de los dos autores toma como centro de las transformaciones políticas el movimiento individual ético en forma de acción política en vía de trasformación de diferentes formas de dominación presentes en las sociedades actuales. La intención entonces se centra en la estética como disputa de la (...) reformulación del campo social, económico y político, que coloca lo político en permanente contingencia y devenir, por lo que nunca existe un proyecto político último o ‘verdadero’ esencial, a manera de los grandes movimientos del siglo XX, sino que en eco de la propuesta foucaultiana los dos autores sostienen una forma de estética de la existencia en cuanto acción política. (shrink)

Conventional quantitative methods for the measurement of organizational legitimacy consider mainly three sources that make judgments about organizations visible: news media, accreditation bodies, and surveys. Over the last decade, however, social media have enabled ordinary citizens to bypass the gatekeeping function of these institutional evaluators and autonomously make individual judgments public. This inclusion of voices beyond functional and formally organized stakeholder groups potentially pluralizes the ongoing discussions about organizations. The individual judgments in blogs, tweets, and Facebook posts give indication about (...) the broader fit between an organization’s perceived behavior and heterogeneous social norms and therefore constitute an indicator of organizational legitimacy that can be accessed and measured. We propose the use of social media data and sentiment analysis to study the affect-based responses to organizational actions by citizens. We critically discuss and compare the method with existing quantitative methods for legitimacy measurement and apply them to a recent case in the banking industry. We discuss the value of the method for studying the process of legitimacy construction as the expression and negotiation of normative judgments about organizations by various evaluators. (shrink)

The work of Anthony J. Steinbock on emotions―particularly moral emotions―and on religious experience is closely related to a methodological claim. This claim is that the concepts of “experience” and “manifestation” should be understood in a broader manner than that of classical phenomenology, particularly Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology. In this paper, I examine the way in which Steinbock understands and conceptualizes the kind of givenness to which he refers with the notion of “vertical experience”. I focus on his claim that vertical experiences (...) are irreducible to the kind of experiences that can be described in terms of what he calls “provocation”, “presentation” and the “noesis-noema structure”. Even though I make a criticism of his assertion that the latter implies that they should not be understood as forms of givenness founded on the above-mentioned structure, I agree with some major implications that he draws from them. In the last part of the paper, I discuss his suggestion that the Husserlian conceptualization of emotional givenness should be revised to set forward their structure in terms of what he calls “evocation” and try to give additional reasons, drawn from Husserl himself, to support this claim. The paper comes concludes by stressing the relevance of Steinbock’s analyses concerning what he calls “idolatry”. I argue that his analyses of attitudes that negate the vertical dimension of experience have far reaching implications that go beyond the field of philosophy of religion and open new, promising paths for phenomenological research on social and moral problems. (shrink)

Este artículo se trata de un estudio acerca de la presencia de la sociedad del rendimiento del filósofo surcoreano Byun-Chul Han en la novela autobiográfica “Estupor y temblores” de Amélie Nothomb. La finalidad de este trabajo es demostrar la presencia de algunas características de la sociedad del rendimiento dentro de la novela de Nothomb a pesar del distanciamiento temporal y espacial del libro, que se ambienta en Japón a inicios de los años 90. También se pretende mostrar el papel activo (...) de la protagonista del libro como oposición a las concepciones de explotación y autoexplotación laboral de la sociedad del rendimiento. (shrink)

Norms conferring public or private powers, i.e., the competence to issue other norms, play a very important rôle in law. But there is no agreement among legal philosophers about the nature of such norms. There are two main groups of theories, those that regard them as a kind of norms of conduct (either commands or permissions) and those that regard them as non-reducible to other types of norms. I try to show that reductionist theories are not quite acceptable; neither the (...) command-variety (Kelsen, Alf Ross inOn Law and Justice), nor the permission-variety (von Wright, Kanger, Lindahl) provide a satisfactory account of competence norms.Among the authors who maintain that competence norms are different from (and hence not reducible to) norms of conduct are Hart, Ross inDirectives and Norms, and Searle. Ross and Searle distinguish between regulative and constitutive rules as two radically different kinds of rules and classify competence norms among constitutive rules. This distinction runs parallel to von Wright's distinction between rules that are prescriptions and determinative rules. While the first regulate actions (by commanding, prohibiting, or permitting them), determinative rules define certain concepts. To view competence norms as (partial) definitions of certain legal concepts (like those of legislator, judge, etc.) seems to open interesting perspectives and to shed light on at least one aspect of these elusive norms. (shrink)

RESUMEN:El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal el análisis de los estudios de Platón sobre la lengua en su diálogo «Crátilo”. Se interpreta la posición del filósofo, según la cual, si la lengua se aplica sin alteraciones, las palabras explican el contenido de las cosas de una manera correcta y adecuada. Partimos de la idea de que la metodología de Platón, respecto a la interpretación de la palabra, puede aplicarse para analizar la conciencia actual de la gente que vive una (...) crisis de los valores éticos tradicionales.PALABRAS CLAVE:LENGUA, DISCURSO, NOMBRE, SIGNIFICADO, FALSEDAD,CONCIENCIA, EXISTENCIA.ABSTRACT:The article discusses Plato’s theory of language, in the form as it is presented in the Cratylus dialogue. The article elaborates on Plato’s idea that words designate the nature of things they name if the language is used in the correct way. The authors suppose that Plato’s methodology of the interpretation of words can be applied for analyzing self-consciousness of modern man who lives in the era when the traditional ethical values are in crisis.KEYWORDS:LANGUAGE, DISCOURSE, IDEA, NAME, FALSE, CONSCIOUSNESS, EXISTENCE. (shrink)

En este texto defendemos que todo lo que adquiere sentido, significado, es afectivo. Nuestras operaciones mentales y acciones en el mundo están orientadas afectivamente. En la primera sección discutimos la forma en que sentido y afecto han sido entendidos bajo las concepciones de mente y cuerpo en el debate tradicional. En la segunda, proponemos una concepción de sentido público, corporizado y constituido por el afecto. Para ello, nos apoyamos en la sintonía en torno a la concepción de sentido y afecto (...) que puede encontrarse en las propuestas filosóficas de L. Wittgenstein y M. Merleau-Ponty. Finalmente, en la tercera sección discutimos las implicaciones de nuestra propuesta; señalamos allí algunas diferencias importantes con propuestas cercanas a la nuestra, así como algunas objeciones a las mismas. (shrink)

We present a general approach to quantified modal logics that can simulate most other approaches. The language is based on operators indexed by terms which allow to express de re modalities and to control the interaction of modalities with the first-order machinery and with non-rigid designators. The semantics is based on a primitive counterpart relation holding between n-tuples of objects inhabiting possible worlds. This allows an object to be represented by one, many, or no object in an accessible world. Moreover (...) by taking as primitive a relation between n-tuples we avoid some shortcoming of standard individual counterparts. Finally, we use cut-free labelled sequent calculi to give a proof-theoretic characterisation of the quantified extensions of each first-order definable propositional modal logic. In this way we show how to complete many axiomatically incomplete quantified modal logics. (shrink)

Some important ideas in Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law can be traced back to Kantian tradition, which has been very influential in Kelsen's thought, particularly in his early period. Among them we find the distinction between two radically different worlds (the world of facts and the world of norms), the normativity of legal science and the idea of validity as a binding force, based on the famous doctrine of the basic norm. These tenets and, especially, the use of a normative (...) concept of validity prove to be incompatible with Kelsen's positivistic programme of a value‐free legal science. The science of law cannot state that legal norms are obligatory or binding without trespassing the limits of Kelsen's ideal of a legal science; on the other hand, it is possible to define the concept of a legal system without resorting to the basic norm. So, if Kelsen is to be regarded as a consequent positivist, the Kantian ingredients of his theory must be rejected and the descriptive concept of validity as membership must be substituted for the normative notion of validity as a binding force. (shrink)

This paper criticizes Alexy's argument on the necessary connection between law and morality. First of all, the author discusses some aspects of the notion of the claim to correctness. Basically, it is highly doubtful that all legal authorities share the same idea of moral correctness. Secondly, the author argues that the claim to correctness is not a defining characteristic of the concepts of “legal norm” and “legal system”. Hence, the thesis of a necessary connection between law and morality based on (...) such claim cannot be accepted. (shrink)

An analysis of the claim that Descartes was a substance trialist.

In this article, I report on a Bulgarian female migrant caregiver's “life-story,” especially focusing on her relationship with an old Italian woman, on the care practices performed in her favor in Italy, and on her daughter and parents still living in Bulgaria. I chose to do it by means of an anthropological approach based on experience as field of mediation between personal dimensions and historical and social processes and therefore centered on the body conceived as historical product, the influence of (...) political and social forces on shaping human lives, and finally interest in the specific link between bodies and work. From this analysis, based on language and narratives, I think useful cultural aspects may emerge about “gender” and care practices, regarding the two women linked by an assistance relationship, and the activities/strategies used by the Bulgarian caregiver to fulfill her family obligations. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is fundamentally didactic, in that it approaches in a descriptive way some of the basic notions of the philosophical-political thought of Alexis de Tocqueville including democracy and social equity and the dialectical concept of freedom. This paper focuses mainly on some chapters of the Tocqueville’s masterpiece ‘Democracy in America’ and ends with an epilogue where interpretative ideas are proposed in order to provide an updated framework for his thought.

O estudo do estado de exceção, paradoxo central da política moderna, é objeto da análise de diferentes vertentes conceituais que envolvem o poder soberano e o seu exercício. Sua prática tem importantes consequências para as Relações Internacionais, como no caso de refugiados, que muitas vezes se encontram à margem do amparo legal estatal por sua singular situação, carentes do exercício da cidadania e liberdade para agirem como agentes políticos transformadores do meio social. Este artigo propõe um delineamento de teorias político-filosóficas (...) sobre o tema, que perpassa o pensamento central de pensadores fundamentais para se entender o poder e a exceção, como Carl Schmitt, Walter Benjamim, Michael Foucault e Giorgio Agamben. Deste modo, faz-se uma reflexão de como os conceitos de poder constituinte, amigo e inimigo, discurso da verdade, contingência, mecânica do poder e vida nua ajudariam a explicar o refugiado e a sua condição limite ante à excepcionalidade no âmbito das Relações Internacionais. Esse desencadeamento teórico tem por objetivo compreender o exercício do poder de exceção usado como tática aplicada para adestrar a vida humana em sociedade, inserindo-o nas definições de biopoder e biopolítica, especialmente quando do exame das circunstâncias envolvendo os refugiados. (shrink)

This work will examine the main issues generated in the discussion about social justice, freedom and equality from a Marxist and egalitarian liberalism perspective, which would require an answer if the search for a good society continues. Since the world’s economic, social, political and cultural situation has changed in the last decades, nowadays the necessary ethic-political foundations for a fair and free social order must be discussed. The problem is to clarify, in the light of political philosophy and human sciences, (...) the proposals made about such social order and for the current moment, and from the socialist and egalitarian liberal theories with thinkers such as Marx, Cohen and Roemer, for the first, and Rawls, Dworkin Nagel and Sen, for the second, among others. The purpose of this work is mainly didactic and deals with a description of situations such as poverty, exclusion and social inequality that the world lives in. It also deals with the authors’ proposals about such topics, analyzing if there is incompatibility between the capitalist institutions and the socialist project for the achievement of these ideals/values that give origin to the title. (shrink)

El propósito de este trabajo es eminentemente didáctico y se centra en un abordaje descriptivo del debate adelantado en filosofía moral y política en torno a los derechos humanos. Se analizan unas siete concepciones acerca de cómo conciben la naturaleza y fundamentación racional de estos derechos, de cuya promulgación contenida en la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos de 1948, se cumplen en este 2008 sesenta años. Como parte de la celebración de esta efeméride por nuestra Facultad de Filosofía y Letras (...) de la Universidad de La Salle, se escribe este artículo con la intención adicional de que sirva a los estudiantes como iniciación a sus estudios y preocupaciones teóricas en materia de derechos humanos. (shrink)

La actualidad del pensamiento político de Tocqueville es relevante por el hecho de haber establecido las bases teóricas para una reflexión profunda sobre el Estado democrático y el porvenir de la libertad y la igualdad en el seno de la sociedad moderna capitalista. Sus reflexiones resultan hoy en día de gran utilidad, precisamente ahora en que los detentadores del gran capital a nivel internacional, plantean continuas reformulaciones de corte autoritario a la teoría democrática. El siguiente texto, resultado de investigación, expone (...) la concepción de democracia que elabora Alexis de Tocqueville, en relación con los principios de igualdad y libertad ciudadanas, como ideales políticos que inaugura la modernidad. (shrink)

A famosa filosofia materialista e ateísta de Holbach é menos conhecida por sua dimensão política. Ainda assim, o autor propôs uma teoria original do contrato social em suas obras da década de 1770. Este artigo detalha as principais características de seu pensamento político e de sua ideia de contrato social, destacando sua proposta de uma “Etocracia”, que se fundamenta na utilidade e na justiça. Essa Etocracia abre caminho para um republicanismo pluralista com traços originais na história das ideias. Holbach era (...) leitor de Hobbes e Locke, conhecido de Rousseau e propôs várias críticas aos escritos políticos desses autores. Por meio de cinco críticas principais, este artigo mostra ainda o valor da teoria positiva de Holbach em conceitos-chave como estado de natureza, sociabilidade, propriedade, vontade geral e igualdade. Por último, a potencial contribuição de Holbach para a teoria política é destacada, mostrando como esse autor, em grande medida esquecido, merece a nossa atenção nos dias de hoje. (shrink)